Zulfaqar Journal of Defence Science, Engineering & Technology

A MINI REVIEW ON ELECTRON TRANSPORT LAYERS (ETLS) FOR PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

Asyraf Hakimi Azmi, Nor Azlian Abdul Manaf — Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated rapid increased in efficiency and advanced in photovoltaic technology in the last decade. Ideally, the absorber layer in PSCs is sandwiched between highly conductive electron transport layer (ETL) and highly stable hole transport layer (HTL). The presence of these two layers has a significant impact on the performance of PSCs. This paper will review the common materials used for ETL, various deposition techniques to grow ETL, their advantages and disadvantages, recent advances of TiO₂films as an ETL including their challenges and future perspective. In this context, TiO₂ nanostructure due to their low cost, non-toxicity, and ease of manufacture, have been found to be the most prominent photocatalyst choices. Finally, this review show how doped TiO₂ can be a beneficial approach to improve the PSC’s performance and stability.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF TRACKED VEHICLE DYNAMIC MODEL FOR MODEL-BASED PATH TRACKING CONTROL

Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

One of the most common intelligent path tracking controllers is model-based predictive controller which can only be functional with a good dynamic model that can effectively predict the vehicle behavior within a set prediction horizon. Therefore, this study presents the modelling and validation process to develop a dynamic model of a small-scale tracked vehicle using actual data from a mounted MPU6050 accelerometer. The model will be validated in several situations, namely forward motion and left and right cornering by comparing the predicted vehicle trajectories to an actual one. The validation process employs Root-Mean- Square Error (RMSE) calculation between the mathematical model and experimental data. This rigorous comparison method establishes a reliable foundation for the development of a model-based controller designed for tracked vehicle path tracking control. The utilization of RMSE serves as a quantitative measure, ensuring the accuracy and fidelity of the model to the real-world experimental outcomes. The successful implementation of this model-based controller holds the potential to significantly enhance tracked vehicle performance, safety, and autonomy, making substantial contributions to the advancement of these critical aspects in the field.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS FOR BIG DATA ANALYTICS APPLICATION MODEL

Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

As human beings delve deeper into the information age, the rapid growth of big data analytics (BDA) can be seen among various private and public organisations. Most organisations have implemented BDA because it provides deep data-driven insights into competitive advantages that can be used for planning their future course of action. However, when these organisations try to use and manage big data (BD), they would find that obtaining quality and actual data from the massive, diverse, and sophisticated sets of data could become a big challenge. These sets of data have numerous traits (characteristics) that require efficient mechanisms for evaluating the quality of the big data involved. This study, therefore, aimed to examine the relationships between big data traits (BDTs) and data quality dimensions (DQDs) for the implementation of BDA, specifically in the Malaysian public sector. In order to carry out this study, a research instrument will need to be developed and validated. As the validity of a research instrument is established, the data collected throughout the data collection process is strengthened, allowing for increased confidence in the survey findings. Hence, this article outlines the development and validation of the research instrument. The developed instrument was validated using the Content Validation Ratio (CVR) and Content Validation Index (CVI) methods. This research found that 54 indicators were accepted and included in the final questionnaire.

DIGITAL FORENSIC READINESS IN CYBERSECURITY: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND IDENTIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE GAPS

Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

This literature review and gap analysis present an overview of the current state of digital forensic readiness realm over the past five years. The significance of digital forensic readiness (DFR) has grown in importance for organizations to adequately prepare for potential cyber-attacks and effectively respond. The review reveals a lack of standardization in digital forensic readiness practices across different types of organizations and industries, indicating a need for more standardized approaches and guidelines. Another notable gap identified is the limited focus on emerging technologies, necessitating further research to ensure that digital forensic readiness practices keep pace with technological advancements. The review emphasizes the ongoing need for research to address the gaps in current knowledge, enabling organizations to enhance their preparedness to respond to potential cyber-attacks quickly and effectively, as well as ensure the integrity of digital evidence collection and forensic investigations. Additionally, it underscores the critical components of a comprehensive digital forensic readiness program, including incident response, risk management, and threat detection.

OPTICAL AND MORPHOLOGY OF SELF-ASSEMBLED POLYHEXYLTHIOPHENE (P3HT) NANOWIRES

Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Poly (3-hexylthiophene-2, 5-diyl) (P3HT) is a well-known p-type semiconductor for electronic and optoelectronic applications with a bandgap of ~ 1.9 eV. It is believed that the nanowire form of the polymer offers better structure, stability, and carrier pathways as an electronic device. In this study, P3HT nanowires were synthesized by aggregation under the dark for 72 h in a partial solvent, toluene. To investigate the change in polymer chain entanglement, spectra of UV-Vis absorption, FTIR and Raman of both P3HT nanowires and amorphous P3HT films were compared and further analysed. The result shows that the optical absorption of P3HT nanowires had blue shifted to higher energy indicating bandgap widening compared to amorphous P3HT. This electronic behaviour change is supported by FTIR and Raman results that implied increasing P3HT conjugation length with nanowire formation. The randomly oriented nanowires had an estimated diameter size of 10 – 20 nm. This improved nanostructure is majorly driven by intermolecular π-π stacking interactions that can produce P3HT film with better performance as charge carrier layer and photon absorber.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL SURFACE ON HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS AND SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION

Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

This study focuses on the effect of different soil surfaces on hydraulic parameters and sediment concentration. The hydraulic parameters including flow velocity, flow depth, shear stress and stream power. Furthermore, it analysed the effect of different slopes and soil surfaces (sand and gravel). The sediment transport channel was utilized to create various soil surface types, including sand, gravel, and clay, with slope angles that ranged from 0°, 5°, and 10°. The volume of sample water was collected at multiple intervals (20, 40, 60, 90, 100 and 120 min) for two (2) hours. Then, the hydraulic parameters and the concentration of the sediments were measured. Consequently, the slope angle between 5° and 10° produces the biggest increase in the relationship between sediment discharge and hydraulic parameters. Additionally, the flow discharge had a greater impact on the observed sediment discharge. On the other, flow velocity and unit stream power were directly had positive relation between the sediment discharge. Generally, the information regarding the hydraulic parameters and sediment relations under various soil surface can facilitate water resources planning and management projects in soil process-based erosion modelling.

PRELIMINARIES STUDIES OF VIBRATION ISOLATION USING ELECTROMAGNETIC DAMPER

Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

This paper presents the review of electromagnetic damper as a vibration/isolation material. A bunch of articles about vibration and suspension system was reviewed and the key factors that contribute to electromagnetic damper was identified. Electromagnetic damper has been given special attention from many researchers and thus being among the important research area in vibration system. Vibration concept of electromagnetic damper has been elucidating by referring to several paper that demonstrate the usage of electromagnetic damper. A vibration test rig with a simple electromagnetic damper has been designed and tested to investigate the effect of electromagnetic force. Preliminaries simulation of electromagnetic damper was done using FEMM and initial experimental result from the vibration test rig also has been captured. The result indicated that the concept of electromagnetic damper does give effect to the vibration system such that the amplitude and settling time of the vibration system being reduced.

ASSESSING LOCAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT LEVERAGING ON INDUSTRY COLLABORATION PROGRAM (ICP) USING ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY ELEMENTS

Zailani Safari — Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0800

Industry Collaboration Program (ICP) is an initiative by the Government of Malaysia that leverages on mega procurement to support local industry capacity and capability development. It is envisaged that the ICP platform can create ‘value for money’ in forms of economic returns based on the procurement made. It is capitalised to further enhance current national economic development activities by ensuring participation of local players in high technology industry sectors, such as transportation and security; with the aim to create employment, skills enhancement, and technology development capability within the local firms. The foundation of effective ICP implementation is availability of competent local industry players that consists of competent personnel with relevant know-how and equipped with relevant technology. Therefore, it is desirable that the outcomes of ICP implementation are measurable to assess the impact and one of the methods is by using Absorptive Capacity (AC) elements measurement. This paper had proposed a construct using the AC elements and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis method is used for its validation. Based on the conducted analysis on the stipulated hypotheses, some confirmations and gaps for further research had been obtained for conclusion.