Zulfaqar Journal of Defence Science, Engineering & Technology

THE BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MACHINE LEARNING USE IN THE DETECTION OF PHYCOCYANIN PIGMENT

Muhammad Haziq Naim Suhaini — 2025-11-25

In freshwater systems, cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been a major source of worry for environmental and public health agencies around the world. Machine learning can be used to detect Phycocyanin pigment which is an indicator to identify HABs in the water area. However, the use of machine learning is still low compared to remote sensing method. This research was conducted bibliometric analysis by using VOS Viewer software to show the gap and evolution of this research topic through published works. This research used the data of the publications from Scopus database which using machine learning to detect Phycocyanin pigment instead of remote sensing. It has shown that the machine learning method in Phycocyanin detection became more common in scientific community. The total publications that mentioned machine learning in Phycocyanin pigment detection in HABs has been increased gradually started from 2012 and the momentum still going strong. For the conclusion, machine learning has been used more frequently compared to 20 years ago in detection of Phycocyanin pigment in HABs and more researchers became more interested to make research in this specific field.

THE IMPORTANCE OF HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR (HIF-1) IN DETECTING HYPOXIA AT HIGH ALTITUDE: A REVIEW

Shazreen Shaharuddin — 2025-11-25

The conventional definition of hypobaric hypoxia (HH) is that arterial blood O2 saturation (SaO2) in the body measurably begins to fall at altitudes >2500 m It is one of the hypoxemic types, which is due to a decrease in the amount of breathable oxygen caused by the low atmospheric pressure of high altitudes, and in turn low maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), and the arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2) in the body . The higher the elevation attained and the longer the duration of space flight, the greater the drop in PO2 in the human body. These declines in oxygen tensions trigger a variety of physiologic responses in the cardiovascular system after the initial altitude hypoxia exposure that enable the individual to adapt to or compensate for the hypoxic environment. However, air crashes due to hypoxia while handling aircrafts and several detrimental health effects are the risk associated with high altitude exposures. Hence, a convenient biomarker that could detect hypoxia at high altitude could be lifesaving. This review highlights the usefulness of salivary HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha) as a biomarker that could help detect high altitude hypoxia rapidly.

ATYPICAL RUBELLA PRESENTATION IN AN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILD: A CASE REPORT AND DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES

Crissny Tie Ting Chi Ning — 2025-11-25

Viral exanthems in immunocompromised children can present with atypical features, complicating diagnosis and management. This case report highlights the diagnostic challenges and atypical clinical course of rubella in an immunocompromised paediatric patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). A 7-year-old girl with SLE-associated MAS presented with a 2-week history of high-grade fever and generalized maculopapular rash. Initial differentiation between rubella and measles was complicated by overlapping features. Key distinguishing findings included posterior auricular lymphadenopathy and timing of rash emergence. Notably, her immunosuppressed state due to SLE and MAS masked classic rubella symptoms, prolonging diagnostic uncertainty. Rubella infection was confirmed via serology (rubella-specific antibody). Despite severe immunosuppression, her condition stabilized with conservative care, optimised immunosuppressive therapy and nutritional support. No secondary complications were observed. This case illustrates rubella’s potential for atypical and severe manifestations in immunocompromised children, particularly those with concurrent autoimmune and hyperinflammatory conditions like SLE-MAS. It underscores the need for meticulous evaluation in high-risk populations, especially those who have not been vaccinated. This report contributes to understanding viral exanthems’ variable phenotypes in immunocompromised hosts, advocating for tailored diagnostic protocols in such cases.

A DANGEROUS ENCOUNTER OF BUTTON BATTERY INGESTION IN A TODDLER - COMPLICATIONS AND POST REMOVAL MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

Monisha Sarman — 2025-11-25

Button battery ingestion (BBI) in toddlers is a paediatric emergency requiring immediate endoscopic or surgical intervention, as delayed treatment can be fatal. The ideal removal window is within 2 hours, but this is often missed due to nonspecific symptoms. Prolonged exposure to the battery's corrosive effects can cause severe complications, including tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and aortoesophageal fistula (AEF), which may be fatal. Reported the case of a 2-year-3-month-old boy who presented to the Emergency Department three days after ingesting a 3×3 cm button battery. His non-specific symptoms led to a missed diagnosis during an earlier visit to a general practitioner. Diagnosing the condition was further complicated by the absence of significant findings on physical examination. However, a detailed history revealed the sudden onset of symptoms and an episode of unsupervised play before symptom onset, raising suspicion of foreign body ingestion. An immediate anteroposterior and lateral neck and chest X-ray confirmed the diagnosis. The button battery was successfully removed endoscopically. However, the delayed presentation resulted in complications, including mucosal injuries and pus collection. The patient received intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and steroids to prevent further complications. In this case, the child’s non-citizenship status and financial constraints posed additional challenges to proper post-removal monitoring and surveillance. This case report highlights the importance of early recognition of BBI in high-risk groups as a paediatric emergency and emphasizes the need for diligent post-removal surveillance. Ultimately, this report underscores the critical role of timely intervention and preventive measures in such cases.

UNDERWATER EXPLOSION OF STEEL PLATE: A NUMERICAL SIMULATION ANALYSIS VALIDATION STUDY

Mohd Zaid Othman — 2025-11-29

This research presents the development and validation of a numerical simulation analysis program aimed at predicting the deformation of square steel plates subjected to underwater explosions. Utilizing the LS-PREPOST and LS-DYNA software packages, a comprehensive numerical model is constructed to simulate the complex interactions between explosive forces, hydrodynamic effects, and structural response in an underwater environment. The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) methodology was used for this research since it has the tools to best simulate the phase changing behaviour of air and explosive and their interactions with the surroundings. The ALE method was employed to model the dynamics of seawater, explosive charges, and air-backed target plates in three-dimensional space. The simulation program was rigorously validated against published experimental data, ensuring its reliability and accuracy in predicting plate deformations. By refining simulation parameters and methodologies, the program demonstrates its capability to accurately simulate blast-related phenomena and provides valuable insights into the behaviour of steel plates under underwater explosion conditions. This research contributes a valuable tool for engineers and researchers to assess blast loading effects on marine structures, informing the design and mitigation strategies for enhanced safety and resilience in maritime environments.

THE KASSIM SELAMAT SAGA: UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEXITY BETWEEN GLAUCOMA, GRIEF AND DEPRESSION

Asma Assa'edah Mahmud — 2025-11-25

Grief, a universal psychological response, is traditionally associated with bereavement but is often overlooked in the context of life-altering diagnoses such as advanced glaucoma. This type of grief can overlap with depressive disorders, complicating treatment efforts. Managing depression in glaucoma patients presents unique challenges, as commonly prescribed antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can increase intraocular pressure and potentially worsen glaucoma. This case report explores the complex relationship between glaucoma, grief, and depression, focusing on diagnostic challenges, treatment options, and management outcomes. A case study of a 60-year-old woman with advanced glaucoma illustrates this complexity. Following her diagnosis, she experienced significant grief, disrupting her participation in a blind rehabilitation program. Subsequent psychiatric evaluation revealed major depressive disorder. Treatment included a novel antidepressant, psychotherapy, and grief counselling. Over six months, antidepressant was tolerated without adverse effects or increased intraocular pressure. Her mood improved significantly, and she resumed the rehabilitation program. This case highlights the importance of assessing depressive symptoms in patients in grief who suffered with chronic condition such as glaucoma. Early psychiatric intervention can enhance the outcome of both mental and physical health. Integrating psychological work into the management of glaucoma is essential for patient care, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary holistic approach to address the intertwined physical and emotional challenges of such diagnoses.

UNMASKING THE HIDDEN GIANT: A RARE CASE OF A GIANT TONSILLOLITH MIMICKING CHRONIC TONSILLITIS

Azura Sharena Yahaya — 2025-11-25

Tonsilloliths, or tonsil stones, are calcified deposits that develop within the crypts of the palatine tonsils. While typically small and asymptomatic, the occurrence of giant tonsilloliths is exceptionally rare, with limited cases documented in the literature. We present the case of a 30-year-old woman with a nine-year history of recurrent, unresolved tonsillitis, who was found to have a giant tonsillolith in the right palatine tonsil. Diagnosis was confirmed via computed tomography (CT), revealing a large, lobulated, hyperdense lesion. The tonsillolith was surgically excised, leading to significant symptomatic relief. This case highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for giant tonsilloliths in patients with chronic tonsillar symptoms and underscores the role of imaging and timely surgical intervention in their management.

APPLICATION OF DIGITAL TWIN TECHNOLOGY FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH INSPECTION OF PIERS USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING

Wan Mohamed Syafuan Wan Mohamed Sabri — 2025-11-25

Monitoring the condition of structures like piers is important to ensure their safety and durability. Traditional inspection techniques are often time-consuming and lack precision in detecting early-stage deformations. This study explores the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Digital Twin (DT) technologies to generate a high-fidelity 3D model of a pier structure. TLS was used to collect detailed point cloud data, which was then processed to generate models of the pier from two different years, 2022 and 2025. By comparing these models, changes in the structure and surface flatness were identified. The results show that TLS provides highly detailed scans, which improve the ability to detect small deformations. The study finds that using TLS together with digital models is a dependable and efficient way to assess structural health without damaging the structure. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring with more frequent scans and combining TLS with other non-destructive testing techniques.

PREVALENCE OF ACANTHAMOEBA IN MALAYSIAN WATER SOURCES AND ITS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: A SCOPING REVIEW

Mohammad Wisman Abdul Hamid — 2025-11-25

Acanthamoeba, a free-living amoeba, poses significant public health risks, causing infections like Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) in contact lens users and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in immunocompromised individuals. This scoping review examines Acanthamoeba prevalence in Malaysian water sources using a PRISMA-ScR-guided methodology. Literature searches from 2010 to 2024 identified studies focused on natural and artificial water sources, employing microscopy, culture, and molecular techniques for detection and genotyping. The findings revealed high contamination rates: 54.4 % in swimming pools, 90.2 % in drinking water, 100.0 % in recreational rivers, 86.7 % in lakes, 76.0 % in hot springs, and 72.0 % in marine waters, with the pathogenic T4 genotype predominating. Acanthamoeba’s role as a "Trojan horse," harbouring amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARBs), amplifies public health concerns. Prevalence in Malaysia exceeds neighbouring countries, influenced by factors such as climate and water management practices. Key research gaps include the lack of longitudinal studies and insufficient exploration of environmental influences on Acanthamoeba virulence. The review highlights the need for improved water treatment protocols, advanced diagnostics, and targeted public health measures. Effective strategies should prioritize thorough monitoring, public education, and enhanced water safety practices to mitigate risks and protect high-risk populations.

LITERATURE STUDY ON DESIGNING CONTROL LAW FOR CONVENTIONAL FIXED-WING UAV USING CONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFT CONTROL LAW APPROACH

Zuhairi Abdul Rashid — 2025-11-25

The significant differences between conventional fixed wing aircraft system and a fixed wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system are the sized and the number of sensors onboard each system. With this constraint, smaller UAV will have a simpler control law design compared to the complex control law of a conventional aircraft. This literature review is studied on the comparison between the available conventional aircraft with the current developed UAV in terms of their inputs, outputs, modelling method, flight modes, and control law design. Finding on the literature shows that it is possible to design a control law for UAV similar to conventional aircraft control law using current technology (sensor and microcontroller). However, there are critical requirement for the drift angle measurement module which needed to be developed first before the modelling and control law can be designed.